Rosenshine
(2010, 2012) has summarised at least 40 years of research on effective
instruction with a key set of principles that maximise its impact. The starting
point for this evidence base is a set of correlational studies linking
particular observed classroom teacher behaviours with higher student outcomes.
For each of these principles there is also experimental evidence showing that
attempts to train teachers in adopting these behaviours can result in changes
in teacher behaviours and improvements in student outcomes.
In outline
the ten principles are:
1. Begin a
lesson with a short review of previous learning
2. Present
new material in small steps, with student practice after each step
3. Ask a
large number of questions and check the responses of all students
4. Provide
models for problem solving and worked examples
5. Guide
student practice
6.
Check for student understanding
7.
Obtain a high success rate
8.
Provide scaffolds for difficult tasks
9.
Require and monitor independent practice
10. Engage students in weekly and monthly review
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